Calorimeter.



H. L. DOHERTY.

CALORIMETERl APPLICATION mzn 00129. I909.

6 SHEETS-SHEET I.

IIIHH] rll lll Ulllllllllllllllllllln .97 36 x Ga I 85' 5 5a WITNEWES HENRY gal 519T), IWEHMR flmaw awk M ATTORNEY Patented Aug. 17, 1915.

9 44. @Mwm/ H.L.D0HERTY.

CALORIMETER.

APPLICATION FILED OCT-29. I909.

l 1 59,836, Patented Aug. 17, 1915.

' 6 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

BY W )froemsr H L. DOHERTY.

CALORIMETER.

APPLICATION FILED OCT. 29. I909.

Patented Aug. 17, 1915.

6 SHEETSSHEET 3.

M Ana/mar wzmssass F4 H. L. DOHE RTY.

CALORIMETER. APPLICATION F ILED 0CT.29. 1909.

6 SHEETS-SHEET 4.

Fly 3 WITNESSES Hf/Vfiy LfloHfRnglm/mron W ATTORNEY H. L. DOHERTY.

CALORIMETER.

APPLICATION FILED 0CT.29. 1909.

Patented Aug. 17, 1915.

6 SHEETS-SHEET 5.

VZlT/VESSES HENRY LJJUHERTY, //VVEN70R J %,a/$Z/ By M ATTORNEY H. L. DOHERTY;

CALORIMETER.

APPLICATION FILED ocT.29. I909.

Patented Aug. 1?, 1915.

6 SHEETS-SHEET 6- Wane/Jun: Henry L. Bohr-arty, gvwewi o c v gummy HENRY 1.. nonnarv, or NEW "roan, N. r.

CALORIMETER.

iaa eee.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Aug. 1?, 1 915.

Application filed October 29, 1909. Serial No. 525,384..

This invention relates to calorimeters for determining the calorific value of combustible gases.

The object of my invention is the furnishing of an apparatus by means of which the determination of the calorific value of a gas is greatly simplified, the length of time required for a test shortened, and the determination of the calorific value of a gas containing combustible constituents but too poor to sustain combustion itself, made possible.

My present invention is an improvement on the one revealed in my Patent No. 828,306, dated August 14, 1906, and consists briefly, of a burner for burning the gas, a suitable absorption chamber in which the heat of the products of combustion from said burner is absorbed by water circulating in the annular shell of said absorption chamher and the products of combustion discharged into theatmo sp here at the temperature of the latter; two concentric tanks for holding gas, one for rich gas and the other for poor gas; means whereby the water cooling the absorption chamber is led from the Jacket of the latter into one or both of said gas tanks, displacing the gas from the same to the burner. The volume of gas burned is thus equal to the volume of water passed through the water jacket of the abs'orption chamber. The gas in the tank is permitted to assume the temperature of the room in which the test is conducted and the temperature of the water is taken at its inlet to the water jacket of the absorption chamber and at its outlet. It is obvious that, since the volume of gas burned is always equal to that of the water passed through the jacket of the absorption chamber, the difference of-the inlet and outlet temperatures multiplied by the coefficient of thermal capacity of a cubic foot of water (when the temperature is expressed in the Fahrenheit scale), or by the coefiicient of thermal capacity of a cubic meter (when the temperature is expressed in the. centigrade scale), will give the calorific value of the gas expressed in the heat units of the corresponding system.

In the drawing, Figure 1 is a front elevation of the calorimeter showing the thermometers, pressure gages, water gages, etc. Fig. 2 is a part section on a vertical-plane of the calorimeter being shown in elevation.

through the line A-B of Fig. 3, the base Fig. 3 is a horizontal section through the line C-D of Fi 2, with the burner support, receptacle or condensation and drip pan rem-owed. Fig. i is a section of the water regulator base, 29, on a vertical plane through the line EF of Fig. 3. Fig. 5 is a section of the siphon-break base, 28, on a vertical plane through the line AB of Fig. 3. Fig. 6 is a section of the base of the gas and water inlet pipes on theline GH of Fig. 3. Fig. 7 is a plan of the tank portion of the calorimeter, showing the relative positions of the gas tankgs, absorption chamber, gage and thermome er connections, etc. Fig. 8 is a section through the thermometer well, 3, showing the construction of the same, the water inlet thermometer, 5, and water connection to absorption chamber. Fig. 9 is a part section through thebottom of the gas tanks on a vertical plane through the line JK of Fig. 7, showing the w'ater connections between the two tanks but omit-' ting the absorption chamber, etc. Fig. 10 is a. cross-section of the calorimeter on a horizontal plane through the line L-M of Fig. 2, omitting the outside connections and fixtures. Fig. 11 is a development of the inner shell of the absorption chamber, with the radial partitions attached, on a reduced scale showing it unr'olled on a vertical plane. Fig. 12 i a part section of the absorption chamber taken on a vertical plane through the axis of the calorimeter at right angles to the line AB ofi Fig. 3, showing the device for the collection of the condensation from the products of combustion. Fig. 13 is a view similar'to Fig. 2, showing a modification of my invention in which the partitions 47 and-4:8 are omitted.

In the drawings,'the parts designated, in part, by the letter a are in general parts in the path of the water supplied to the absorption apparatus; parts designated by'the letter b the portions of the apparatus in the path of the water discharging from the absorption apparatus; parts designated by the letter c are the parts of the connections to 52 in the path of the water wasting to the drainage system which is indicated by the letter 6; parts designated by a? are the corresponding connedtions of tank, parts designated by f are the parts of the apparatus in the gas line connected with gas tank, 52; parts designated by g indicate the parts of the corresponding gas connections of tank, 50; parts designated by the letter h are the connections common to the two gas lines. Several of the parts are designed to fill two offices so that the above notation does not apply with absolute strictness, but the letter following the numeral does, in general, indicate the use of the part as interpreted above.

In the drawings, 50 and 52, are two concentric annular chambers separated from each other by the cylindrical partition 51 which is advantageously of a material having a comparatively high heat conductivity so that, should the gaseous contents of the respective tanks be at different temperatures,

there will be a rapid transfer of heat from the cooler to the warmer until the two are at substantially the same temperature. The two tanks are of exactly equal cross sectional areas so that the displacement for a given rise in the water level in the two chambers is exactly equal. 116 is the combustion chamber of the apparatus, 44 the gas burner of the ordinary Bunsen type. The products of combustion from the burner, together with the admixed air; rise up through 116 into the distributing hood formed by the cylinder 119 and cone 67. The cylinder, 119, is made to fit tightly into the cylindrical combustion chamber 116. To the top of the 4 40 cone, 67, is fastened a stem, 69, which passes through the dome shaped cover of the absorption chamber and has attached to it a lever arm, 70, by means of which the distributing hood may be rotated. This distributing hood has a comparatively large orifice, 71. Extending through the annular space between the cylindrical shells, and

68, are short tubulatures, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76 and 77, opening into the absorption chamber of the calorimeter. 68 is simply the upper portion of the main inner shell, 61, of the absorption chamber, but is for structural reasons made much heavier than the lower portion of the latter. By rotating the leverarm 70, communication may be established between the combustion chamber, 116, and any one of the orifices, 72 to 77. The shape of the large orifice, 71,'of the distributing device is elliptical with the longer axis vertical and of a length equal to that of a perpendicular between horizontal planes tangent to the bottom of the orifices, 72, 7 4, etc., and the top of orifices 73, 75, etc., respec-' tively. The shorter axis of 71 is of such a length that 71 is always in communication with one of the orifices, 72, 7 3, etc., or, partially, with two of them. That is, as communication is shut off from one of the orifices, 72, 73, etc., it is opened with one of the adjacent orifices. There is thus at all times an opening between the combustion chamber and the absorption chamber equal in area to one of the orifices, 72, 73, etc. It is apparent that, by this distributing device 71, communication may be established between the combustion chamber and the absorption chamber at any part of the latter. Owing to the construction of the absorption chamber, this permits of the cooling of the products of combustion to a temperature near that of the cooling water and, therefore, (if the temperature of the water is sufficiently low) to that of the room in which the experiment is performed. This absorption chamber is constructed as follows It has an annular combustion gas chamber inclosed by cylindrical walls, 59 and 60, the truncated conical wall 57 and the cover 62. Communication between the combustion chamber 116 and the absorption chamber is had through the orifices 71 and 72, 73, etc., as described above. Fixed radially in the absorption chamber, and dividing it into compartments 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114 and 115, are vertical partitions s3, s4, 85, 86,87, 88, 89, 90,91 and 92. The partition, 83, is made double to prevent a transfer of heat from the incoming hot products of combustion to the outgoing cold products. The outlet for thedischarge of the cooled products of combustion is through the tube, 79, which is led into the compartment 115 through the outer shell, 59. The partition 83 extends from the cover, 62 of the gas chamber of the absorption chamber to the bottom, 57 thereof, thus shutting ofi? communication between the compartments 106 and 115. The partition, 84, is fastened to 62 and extends to a short distance from the bottom of the combustion gas chamber. The partition, 86, is similarly fastened but is shorter than 84. The partitions 88, 90

and 92 are similar to 84 and 86 but of decreasing length. The odd numbered partitions, 85, 87, 89, 91 extend from a plane tangent to the bottom of orifices 72, 74, etc.,

to near the bottom of the combustion gaschamber. The bottom of the partition, 87

memesc fixed, the lace of entrance into the absorption chamber may be varied at will. The length of travel through the combustion chamber to which the gases are subjected (and consequently the amount of cooling action) is thus capable of being perfectly controlled by proper manipulation of the lever 70. In the manipulation of the appa: ratus, 70 is turned until the temperatures indicated by the thermometers 7 and 8 are identical.

The cooling water enters the apparatus throughthe pipe 1* and passes into the distributing base 29, which is shown in section in Fig. 4. From 1, the water passesinto the annular passage 2 of regulation base 29, rises through 2, overflows into the inner pipe 3, down through 3 into the base 29, and leaves 29 through 4. In order to secure a perfectly uniform flow of water to the absorption chamber under. a constant head, the supply of water running through 1 is kept slightly greater than the amount taken by the pipe 3. The excess overflows into the annular passage 1, passes down through 1 into the annular passage 37 of the base 29, leaves 29 through the waste pipes 4, and so to the sink or drain pipe.

The water passing to the absorption chamber flows through 4 into the base 39 of pipe 5, which is shown in section in Fig. 6, passes up through the pipe 5 and pipe 6 to the thermometer well 3, shown in section in Fig. 8. The Water flows up through the annular passage'102, formed between the wall of the thermometer well 3 and the pipe 101, overflows into 101 and passes down through the passage 103, enveloping the bulb of thermometer 5 and discharges from 3 through the pipe-7. This pipe, 7 is connected with the water jacket of the absorption chamber, its location being similar to that of the pipe 2 shown in Fig. 2, but it is connected with the Water jacket through the inverted truncated conical wall 56. The water rises through the water jacket included between the walls 56 and 57, 58 and 59, 60 and 61, 63 and 64, 65 and 66, and,

thence, into the annular conical space between 64 and 65. In passing through this water jacket of the absorption chamber, the water takes up the heat transmitted through the walls from the products of combustion and that radiated directly to the wall 61, from the flame of the burner 44.

The water passes out from the absorption apparatus through the pipes 1 and 2? to the v the pipe 3", corresponding to the pipe 6 of the well 3. From 3 it enters the pipe 4", which is exactly similar to 5 shown in Fig. 1 and. Fig. 6. The pipe, 4 communicates with the pipe, 5 through the base, 99, which is similar in construction to 39, shown in Fig. 6. The water passes through 5 to the valve 30, thence through 6 to the siphonbreak base 28, which is shown in enlarged section in Fig. 5. The pipe, 6 enters the annular passage, 7". The water rises through 7", overflows into annular passage,

- 8", down through 8", the lower end of whose outer wall is shown by the dotted line in Fig. 2, inside the outer tube, 2, and in Fig. 5. The water then rises in the outer annular passage between 8 and 2 and enters the bottom of'the inner annular gas chamber, 52 displacing the gas in said chamber to the burner. To run the water into the outer chamber 50,0pen the cook or valve 36. The water will then run from 52 through the pipe, 7, 8 and 1 (Figs. 7 and 9), until the same level has been established in the two chambers, 50 and 52, and will thereafter rise equally and uniformly in the two chambers as long as the cock 36 and valve 30 are open.

Thewater level in the chambers 50 and 52 v is indicated by the water gages 15 and 16 1214 respectively. To drain chamber, 52 I open valve 31. The water then drains back through 4 annular space 38, 5 (opening out of the annular space 38 as shown in Figs. 5 and 3) through valve 31, pipe 6 to the annular passage 37 of regulator base 29, discharging from the apparatus through the waste pipe 4 opening out of 37. To drain.

50, open valve 32. The water will then drain off through pipes 1 and 2 valve 32, pipes 3 and 6, passage 37 in regulator base 29, and pipe 4.

The gas inlet to 52 is through the pipe 1 to valve 34, through pipe 2 to the pipe 3, which enters the apparatus through the base piece 39, passing up Within the passage 5 to and through the chamber 52 into the hood 21. The hood 21 opens into chamber 52. The gas is thus delivered to the chamber above the water level therein. The gas outlet from chamber 52 is up into the hood 19, similar to 21, down through the pipe 4 into and through the base piece 99, through the pipe 5, valve 40, pipes 6 and 1 valve 33, pipe 2*, to nipple, 3 thence through the rubber connection 4 to the burner 44.

The gas inlet to gas chamber 50 is through the pipe l to the valve 35, through valve 35 and pipe 2 to pipe 3 entering into the base piece 39 and running upward through 39 and passage to the chamber 120. Here the pipe 3 is bent to enter the bottom of chamber 50, and passes up through that into the hood 22, which communicates with the chamber 50. The asis thus delivered to the chamber above t e level of the water therein. I

The gas outlet from chamber 50 is up into the hood 20, down through the pipe 4 which passes into the base of the apparatus through the passage 4 and base piece 99, and is continued by the pipe 5 to the valve 41. short connecting pipe .6 into the pipe 1*, which leads to the valve 33. From 33 the gas passes, as before, through 2 3 and 4 to the burner 44. The gas line beyond the pipes 6 and 6 is, as shown, common to the two gas chambers. When the two tanks are being used together (with different qualities of gas) this arrangement insures a thorough mixture of the two gases before they are discharged into the burner tube.

When it is desired to completely drain the calorimeter, open valve 42 and blow in tube 1 This tube 1 is connected through the hollow leg 43 of the burner support and the pipe 2 with valve 42, and from 42 by the pipe 3 with the pipe 5. The point of inlet of the Water into 4 and the outlet from the' absorption system of the calorimeter (5 are on the same level. The water in the system is, therefore, in equilibrium and will not drain out spontaneously on opening the valve 42. By blowing into the tube 1 however, the balance in the water passages of the absorption system is disturbed and the water drains back through the pipe 7, the thermometer well 3 and pipes 6 5 4*, 1 to valve 42, from valve 42 through 2?, which discharges into the annular opening 37 of the water regulator base 29, and from there drains off through the common waste pipe 4 At the same time, communication is established between 42 and the upper part of the absorption chamber included between the conical walls 64 and 65, through the pipes 1 2", the thermometer well 4, pipes 3 4 and 5", valve 30, pipes 6 and 3". From 42 this water drains off through the pipe 2,

as before.

-It is apparent that the only function of the valve 42 is to drain the entire apparatus. It is, therefore, either entirely closed or wide open. When open, it establishes communication between 2 and 3 and between the chamber in the valve plug and the pipes 1*, 3 and 2 the latter communicating, as above described, with the annular chamber 37 of the regulator base 29.

The chamber 120'is not a functional part of the apparatus and, it is evident, that, if preferred, the partition 47 constituting the roof of the chamber may be omitted and the From 41 the gas passes through the partition 51 separating the two gas chamhere, 50 and 52, continued down to the outer shell piece 45, without in any way affecting the principle of operation of the apparatus. Likewise, the partition 51 may, if desired, be extended to the upper annular sheet 46, doing away with the vacant space or chamber 98, formed between the sheets 48 and 46. Such modifications of the construction are shown in Fig. 13 and are simply, unim portant structural details and would not in any sense change the nature or mode of op eration of my invention.

The apparatus which I have shown and described is, primarily, intended to permit of a test for calorific value being made on a gas, which, while it contains some combustible gas, is too poor to support combustion alone. In conducting such a test in this apparatus, I fill one of the gas chambers with the lean gas and. the other with a richer such as illuminating gas.

From the drawings and the foregoing degas fscription it is plain, that by opening the comparison of the observed results of the two tests. I

In the apparatusshown, the chamber 52 is arranged to be operated either alone and independently of 50, or in conjunction With 50.

It is manifest that, if desired, the apparatus could be so arranged that either tank could be used independently of the other, although not, of course, at the same time, since there is but one absorption chamber. This could be done by, simply, establishing a connection, provided with a valve, between the water pipe 4 and the pipe 1. Since, however, it would be impossible to use both tanks separately at the same time, there would be no advantage secured by such a modification and it would have the decided disadvantage of complicating the apparatus. For reasons given, therefore, I prefer the construction I- have herein shown and described.

The method of making tests of the calorific value of gases with the apparatus is as follows 1st. Using tank 52, only, the gas tested being sufliciently rich to support combustion: To make such a test, the calorimeter being assumed empty and disconnected, set up the apparatus on a level table. Connect the tube 1 with the water supply cock and the tube 1 with the gas supply cook. The waste pipe 4 is to be connected by a tube with a sink or other receptacle for the waste water. Now open the cock on the water 1,15o,eee

supply line, the valves and 41, and the valve 30. Water now flows through 1" to the regulator base 29, up through the annular passage 2 to top of the regulator, down through the axial pipe 3, back to the base,

through the pipe 4 to the pipe 39, up through the passage 5 in 39 around the small gas pipes 3 and 3 to the pipe 6, through the latter to the well, 3, of the inlet thermometer 5, through the well 3, in the manner previously described, and thence through the pipe 7 to the bottom of' the double annular water jacket of the absorption chamber. The water rises through the absorption chamber into the annular conical chamber at the top thereof, flowing thence through the pipes l and 2 to the thermometer well 4, thence through 3 4", and 5 to the valve 30. From 30 the water flows through 6 to the inner annular passage, 7", of the siphon-break base 28. From 28 the .water rises through 7 to the top thereof,

thence down through 8 and up through the annular space 4, included between the outer wall of 8 and the outer pipe'2, into the bottonnof tank 52. Rising in 52, the water displaces the air or gas that filled the tank at i the start through the hood 19, pipes 4 and 5, valve 40, pipes 6 and 1 valve 33, and pipes 2 3 and 4 to the burner 44. When 52 is full of water (as shown by the gage 16) close 30. The water instead of running through the pipe 3 of water regulator column, now overflows into the outer annular space 1, down through 1 to the annular passage 37 in the regulator base 29, and thence to the drain through 4 In conducting a test, the cock on the water supply line should be so adjusted that there is at all times a slight overflow through 1 to the drain. This makes the head of water on the valve, 30 constant. The function of the siphon-break column, 93, is to permit of the pressure in the chamber 52 (and being regulated to any desired point, and prevent the full pressure, due to the head of water l in the regulator column, 81, coming upon the gas chambers. With the siphon-break arrangement the pressure in the gas chambers can be regulated to any desired point by regulating the flow of water through the valve, 30, and the rate at which the gas discharges bv the appropriate gas valves. By entirely closing the gas valves without closing the water valve, 30, the pressure on the gas in the chambers. 50 and 52, may be built up to a head corresponding to the difierence in level between the water in the tank and the top of the overflow, 2, in the siphonbreak column, but can never rise above that. By keeping the gas valves wide open the gas may be discharged from the tanks 50 and 52 at, practically, atmospheric pressure, the head on the tank. in this case, being merely that necessary to overcome the friction of place the water in. the chamber.

the gas in passing through the discharge passages. The tank, 52, being full of water, and all valves closed, open the cock on the gas supply line (not shown) and then the valves, 31 and 34. Water drains from the tank 52 through 4, 5, 31, 6, 37 and 4' in the manner previously herein described. Gas flows through 1, 34, 2, 3 and 21 to dis- When the water level has fallen an inch or so, close 31 and 34, and open, slightly 30 and 40 and 33. The gas drawn into 52 now discharges through the discharge line to the Bunsen, clearing the apparatus of any air previously contained. When the water has again filled the tank, close 30, 40 and 33, and again draw gas into the tank, asdescribed above. When the tank is full of gas let the apparatus stand until the gas in the tank has assumed the same temperature as that of the room in which the test is being made. This may be ascertained definitely by inserting a thermometer through a perforated stopper placed in the tubulature, 23, before starting the test. A thermometer may be inserted into chamber 50, also through the tubulature 24.) By comparing the reading of this thermometer with that of 7, we may know conclusively when the temperature in the tank is the same as that of the room. When this condition has been attained, we are ready to start the test. Open valve 40 wide, 41 and 33 being closed. Now open valve 30 slightly, and when the pressure gage 9 shows a pressure of about 2 inches, open the valve 33 and light the gas issuing through the burner. Now manipulate the valves, 30 and 33, until the flame ofthe burner is of the. height and color indicative of perfect conditions for complete combustion of the gas, the gage 9 remaining at a reading of 2 inches. The products of combustion from the burner are now passing through the absorption chamber, imparting their heat to the water passing through the jacket of the same and escaping into the atmosphere through the pipe, 79, as previously described. Now manipulate the lever 70 until the reading of the thermometer 8 coincides with that of the thermometer 7. 'When this adjustment has been made, read the thermometers 5 and 6 simultaneously.

Since we admitted the gaseous m. terials entering into the combustion at room temperature and are discharging the products of the combustion at the same temperature, it follows that the total heat developed by the combustion must have been absorbed by the water passing through the water jacket of the absorption chamber, since the heat held by the metal of the absorption chamber, etc., is the same at the end of the'observation period as it was at the beginning, and is therefore negligible. The amount of heat taken up by the water depends upon the weight of the latter and the rise of temperature. This latter quantity is, of course,

- the diiference in the readings of 5 and 6. If

we wished to know the heat units developed by the actual volume of gas burned during the period of observation it would, of course, be necessary to measure either the volume of the water or the volume of the gas burned during that period, since, by the construction of my apparatus, these are equal, allowance being made for the pressure in gas chamber. Ordinarily, however, we simply wish to reduce the observed calorific value to 1 cu. ft. or 1 cu. meter of the gas, as the case may be. It is, therefore, only necessary to multiply the observed rise in temperature by the weight of 1 cu. ft. or 1 cu. meter of water at the temperature 6, according to which system of unitsis used. For great accuracy it would be necessary to correct the above for the actual heat capacity, or spe-. cific heat of water for. the range of temperature 5 to 6, since it is'not the same at, say, 60 F. as between 32 and 33 F., which is the standard. This correction, however, is so small that it would ordinarily be negligible. It is, of course, necessary to make the usual corrections to reduce the gas volume to standard conditions.

2nd. T o'determine the calorific value of a gas too lean itself to support combustion Assume that 'we have determined the calorific value of a batch of rich gas (conequal rate in each chamber, owing to the cross connection through the valve or cook 36. \Vhen the water level in the chambers has fallen for an inch or two, close 31 and 34 and 35. Next open 30, slightly, and then 33, 40 and 4:1 displacing the gasesjust drawn into the respective tanks to the Bunsen burner 44. The object of this manipulation, as before explained, is to free the pipes and connections from air and gas previously contained. Close 30, 33, 40 and 41, when the tanks are again full of water and then proceed to fill them with the respective gases for the test. When the tanks are full of gas under a pressure of about 2 inches, as shown by the gages, 9 and 10, close 30, and 34,

. and 35, and allow the gases to assume the temperature of the room.

Since in the manipulation described above, the two tanks are in communication through the valve 36, the gas pressures in the two are, necessarily, practically the same. Owing to the more direct travel, the water from the tank 52 will tend to drain out faster than the. water in tank 50. In order to fill both tanks equally with gas it is, therefore, necessary to not open the valve 34 quite as wide as the valve 35, thus keeping the pressure in chamber 50 somewhat higherthan in chamber 52; or, if preferred, the valve 36 may be kept closed during the filling and the water from tank 50 drained through the separate drain valve 32, in the manner explained in the fo'repart of this specification. The tanks being filled (50 with lean, and 52 with rich gas, at a pressure of about 2 inches and room temperature) open valves 36 and 33, then valve 30, slightly, and next 40, and 41, and light the gas at the burner. Manipulate the valves 30 and 33 until the gas is burning with the proper flame and under a constant pressure of, about 2 inches. When this adjustment has been effected, put the burner in position, as shown in Fig. 2. Next manipulate the lever arm 70, until the products of coi'iibustion are escaping through 79 at the same temperature as is indicated by the ther mometer 7. When this adjustment has been effected, start taking observations of the thermometers ,5 and 6. It is necessary to watch the thermometer 8 and by the proper manipulation of keep its reading at the same point as that of the thermometer 7. 1

The reduction of the readings is the same as in the case of making the test with the tank 52 alone, which has been described in detail above. Owing to the construction and manipulation of the apparatus we know that in this latter test we have burned a mixture of equal volumes of the lean and rich gas. That is to say, 1 cu. ft.- (if we are using the British system of units) of the gas we have burned is composed of cu. ft.

of the lean gas and cu. ft. of the rich gas. Therefore, by multiplying the calorific value so obtained by 2 and subtracting that obtained in the first experiment, we obtain the calorific value of the lean gas.

The condensation from the combustion is collected by the device shown, in part, in Figs. 1 and 2 and in detail in Fig. 12. As shown, the lowest p rt of the products-ofcombustion-cham'berfif the absorption apparatus is left open around the whole length of the chamber. The water condensed in the chamber collects in this space and escapes through the overflow 97 into a receptacle 25. Attached to the sheet 56 is an annular trough 94, to collect any condensation that may form on the wall of the combustion chamber. A short tube 95, drains this water into the water space in the bottom of the absorption chamber, from which place it escapes through the pipe .96.

Having described my invention, what I claim is:

1. In a calorimeter, the combination of two concentric tanks for gas, one of said tanks bein adapted to contain a combustible gas 0 known calorific value, and the other of said tanks a gas whose calorific value is to be determined by combustion, a diaphragm of comparatively high heat conductivity forming the dividing wall between said tanks, means for burning said gases in admixture and means for measuring the heat from the combustion of said gases.

2. In a calorimeter, the combination of twoboncentric tanksfor gas, one of said tanks being adapted to contain a gas of known calorific value and the other of said tanks a gas whose calorific value is to be determined, means for burning said gases in admixture, means for absorbing the heat from the combustion of said gases in a liquid, said meansv comprising a container for liquid located in heat-absorbing relationship to a combustion space, means for measuring the rise in temperature of said liquid, and means for displacing said gases from said tanks by said liquid.

3. In a calorimeter, the combination of two concentric tanks to contain the gas to be tested; means for burning said gas; an absorption chamber, comprising a tortuous passage for the products of combustion of said gas and a separate passage for a cooling hquid; and means for displacing said gas from one or both of said tanks to said burner, by means of the cooling liquid from said absorption chamber.

4. In a calorimeter, the combination of two concentric tanks to contain the gases to be tested; means for burning said gases; an

absorption chamber for transferring the heat of the products of the burning of said gases to a cooling liquid, said absorbing chamber comprising a tortuous passage for the said-products of combustion, a separate passage for said cooling liquid, and means for regulating the length of travel of said products of combustion through said tortuous passage; and means for conveying the cooling liquid leaving said absorption chamber to said gas tanks, and there displacing the gases from said tanks by the said cooling liquid.

. 5. In a calorimeter, the combination of a receptacle for the gas to be tested; means for burning said gas; an absorption chamber for transferring the heat of the products of the combustion of said gas to a cooling liquid, said absorption chamber comprising a tortuous passage for the said products of combustion, a separate passage for said cooling liquid, and means for regulating the length of travel of said products of combustion through said tortuous passage; means for supplying the cooling liquid to said absorption chamber under a constant head; and means for conveying the cooling liquid 'to said gas receptacle to displace the gas contained in the same to said-burner.

, 6. In a calorimeter for determining by combustion the calorific value of a gas too poor. to burn alone in air, the combination in direct heat-transferring relationship of a tank for containing the poor gas, whose calorific value is to be determined, a tank for containing a relatively rich combustible gas of known calorific value, means for mixing and burningsaid gases, and means for measuring the heat units liberated by the burning of the mixed gases.

In a calorimeter, the combination of a tank for containing rich gas and a tank for containing poor gas; means for mixing said gases and burning the same; means for transferring the heat of the products of such combustion to a liquid, said heat transferring means comprising a tortuous passage for said products of combustion in juxtaposition to the walls of-said tortuous passage, a separate passage for the cooling liquid, and means for regulating the length of travel of said products of combustion through said tortuous passage; means for supplying the cooling liquid to said heattransferrlng means; and means for displacing the said gases from said tanks to said burner in a fixed ratio.

, 8. In a calorimeter, the combination of a tank for containing a rich gas and a tank for containing a poor gas; means for mixmg said gases and burning the same; an absorption chamber for absorbing the heat from such combustion in a liquid, said absorption chamber comprising .an annular chamber having baffles so disposed that the said products of combustion are forced to take a tortuous passage through said annular chamber, means for varying the point of entry of said products of combustion into said annular chamber, a jacket surrounding the annular chamber afiording a passage for the said cooling liquid; means for supplying said cooling liquid to said jacket; means for measuring the temperature of the cooling liquid at its entrance to said jacket and at its exit from said jacket; and means for distributing said cooling liquid after its passage through said j ac et to-the two gas tanks 1n a fixed ratio. so t at the two gases are displaced and mixed in the same ratio.

9. In a calorimeter, the combination of a tankfor containing a mob gas and a tank for containing a poor gas; means for mixing said gases and burning the same; an absorption chamber for absorbing the heat from the products of such combustion in a liquid, said absorption chamber comprising an annular chamber having bafiies so disposed that the said products of combustion are forced to take a tortuous course through said annular chamber, means for varying the point of entry of said products of combustion into said annular chamber, a jacket enveloping the said annular chamber and furnishing a passage for a cooling liquid; means for supplying said cooling liquid to said jacket at a constant pressure; means for measuring the temperature of the cooling liquid at its entrance to and exit from said jacket; means for conducting the cooling liquid-leaving said jacket, to said gas tanks, said conducting means having interposed therein a siphon-break, whereby the pressure of the liquid on the gas in said tanks is made independent of the pressure at which the liquid is supplied to the absorption chamber; and means for distributing the cooling liquid between the gas tanks in a Iixed ratio. 7

1 0. In a calorimeter, the combination of two concentric annular tanks, one adapted to contain a rich gas and one adapted to containa poor gas; valve-controlled passages for conducting the gases in said tanks to a burner and burning the same; an absorption chamber for absorbing the heat from such combustion in a liquid, said absor'ption chamber comprising an annular chamber having bafiles forming a tortuous passage therein, means for varying the point of entry of the products from'the combustion of said gases into said annular chamber, a second annular chamber enveloping the first annular chamber through which the cooling liquid passes and means for collecting the condensed products of the combustion of.

said gases; means for supplying the cooling liquid to said absorption chamber under constant pressure; means for measuring the temperature of said cooling liquid at 1ts entrance to and its exit from said absorption chamber; means for conducting said cooling liquid to said gas tanks, said conducting means having interposed therein a siphonbreak, whereby the pressure of the liquid on the gas in said tanks is made independent of the pressure at which the liquid is supplied to the absorption chamber; and means for distributing the cooling liquid from said absorption chamber between the two gas tanks in exactly equal portions.

11. In a calorimeter the combination of two annular concentric tanks, one for rich gas, and the other for poor gas; means for burning said gases; means for absorbing the heat from the combustion of said gases in a liquid; means for measuring the rise in temperature of said liquid; and means for displacing the gases from said tanks in a fixed ratio by said liquid.

12. In a calorimeter the combination of two annular concentric tanks, one for rich gas and one for poor gas, said tanks having means for introducing a liquid thereinto and means for draining said liquid there- I k l O I from; means for conducting rich gas to one of the tanks and poor gas to the other of.

the tanks While said liquid is draining therefrom; means for indicating the level of the rise of temperature of said liquid; and

means for conducting said liquid after it has absorbed said heat to said gas tanks and disfixed ratio, whereby the gases are displaced from said tanks to the burner in the same ratio.

13. In a calorinieter the combination of tributing the same between the tanks in a two annular concentric tanks, one for rich gas and one for poor gas, said tanks having means for introducing a liquid thereinto and means for 'drainin said liquid therefrom; means for conductlng rich gasto the rich gas tank and poor gas to the poor gas tank, while the li uid is draining therefrom; means for indicating the level of the liquid in said tanks and the pressure of the gas in said tanks; means for discharging the gases from said tanks, and mixing said gases; means for conducting said mixed gases to a burner and burning the same; means for absorbin the heat from said combustion in a liqui means for measuring the rise in temperature of said liquid; means for conducting said liquid after it has absorbed said heat to said gas tanks and distributing the same equally between said tanks, whereby the gases contained in said tanks are displaced in equal volumes to said burner, the sum of the two volumes being exactly equal to the volume of cooling liquid that has passed through the jacket of the absorption chamber.

14. In a calorimeter, means for regulating the degree of coolin to which the products of combustion are su jected, said means, comprising an absorption chamber having ports around the top of its inner wall and extending through the jacket of said absorption chamber for the inlet of the products of combustion, surfaces for cooling said products of combustion, a jacket enveloping said absorption chamber providing a passage for a cooling liquid, and means for varying the amount of cooling surface with which the products of combustion are contacted, said means for varying the amount of cooling surface comprising a cylinder fitting closely inside the inner wall of said cooling jacket and having an orifice of such size that for all positions of said cylinder the orifice uncovers suflicient of said ports 1,1co,sse

ber thereof, a. conical dome attached to said cylinder and a stem projecting from the top thereof to the outside of the calorimeter, said stem bearing a crank whereby the said cylinder may be rotated and the orifice thereof brought into communication with different ports of the absorption chamber annular jacket being adapted to contain acooling liquid; means for measuring the temperature of said cooling liquid at its entrance to and exit from said jacket; means for varying the point of entry of the products of combustion into said absorption chamber; a passage for discharging the products of combustion from said absorption chamber; means for measuring the temperature of said products of combustion at" their point of discharge from said passage; a non-conducting jacket surrounding the annular jacket of said absorption chamber; an annular gas tank, surrounding said nonconducting jacket, for containing gas; means for conducting the'gas from said gas tank to said combustion chamber and burning the same therein; means for conducting the cooling liquid from said jacket to said gas tank and displacing the gas therefrom to said combustion chamber whereby the volume of gas burned is made equal to the volume of cooling liquid passing through said jackets.

16. In a calorimeter, the combination of two annular concentric tanks, one for rich gas and one for poor gas; means for burning said gases; and means for regulating the degree of cooling to which the products of the combustion of said gases are subjected, said regulating means comprising in combination an absorption chamber having ports around the upper part of its inner wall, said ports extending through the jacket of said absorption chamber for the inlet of the said products of combustion, surfaces for coollng the said products of combustion, a jacket enveloping said absorption chamber, said jacket having a passage for cooling l1qu1d, and means for varying the amount of cooling surface with which the products of combustion are contacted, said means for varying the amount of cooling surface comprising a cylinder fitting closely inside the inner wall of said cooling jacket and having an orifice of such size that for all positions of said cylinder the said orifice uncovers sufficient of the area of said ports to provide a $5 free passage for products of combustion from the combustion chamber of the calorimeter to the absorption chamber thereof, a dome attached to said cylinder and a stem projecting from the top thereof to the outside of the calorimeter, said stem bearing a crank whereby the said cylinder may be rotated and the orifice thereof brought into communication with different ports of the absorption chamber, whereby the extent of cooling surface with which the products of combustion are contacted may be varied.

17. In a calorimeter, the combination of two annular concentric tanks, one for easily combustible gas and one for lean gas, said tanks having means for introducing a liquid thereinto and means for draining said liquid therefrom; means for burning said gases, and means for regulating the degree of cool ing to which the products of the combustion of said gases are subjected, said regulating means comprising in combination an absorption chamber having ports around the upper parts of its inner wall, tubulatures communicating with said ports and extending through the jacket of said absorption chamber, said tubulatures providing inlets for the said products of combustion, surfaces for cooling the said products of combustion, a jacket enveloping said absorption chamber, said jacket having a passage for cooling liquid and means for varying the amount of cooling surface with which the products of combustion are contacted, said means for varying the amount of cooling surface comprising a cylinder fitting closely inside the inner wall of said cooling jacket and having an orifice of such size that for all positions of said cylinder the said orifice uncovers suflicient of the area of said ports to provide a free passage for products of combustion from the combustion chamber of the calorimeter to the absorption chamber thereof, a dome attached to said cylinder and a stem'projecting from the top thereof to the outside of the calorimeter, said stem bearing a crank whereby the said cylinder may be rotated and the orifice thereof brought into communication with difi'erent ports of the absorption chamber, whereby the extent ofcooling surface with which the products of combustion are contacted may e varied.

18. In a calorimeter the combination of two annular concentric tanks, one for easily combustible gas and one for lean gas, said tanks having means for introducing a liquid thereinto and means for draining said liquid therefrom; means for conducting gases to said tanks while the liquid is draining therefrom; means for burning said gases; and means for regulating the degree of cooling to which the products of combustion of said gases are subjected, said regulating means comprising in combination an absorption part of its inner wall, tubulatures communicating with said ports and extending through,

the jacket of said absorption chamber, said tubulatures providing inlets for the said products of combustion, surfaces for cooling the said products of combustion, a jacket enveloping said absorption chamber, said jacket having a passage for cooling liquid; and means for varying the amount of cooling surface with which the products of combustion are contacted, said means for varying the amount of cooling surface comprising a cylinder fitting closely inside the inner wall of said cooling jacket and having an orifice of such size that for all positions of said cylinder the said-orifice uncovers sufiicient of the area of said ports to provide a free passage for products of combustion from the combustion chamber of the calorimeter to the absorption chamber thereof, a dome attached to said cylinder and a stem projecting from the top thereof to the outside of the calorimeter, said stem bearing a crank whereby the said cylinder may be rotated and the orifice thereof brought into communication with difierent ports of the absorption chamber, whereby the extent of cooling surface with which the products of combustion are contacted may be varied.

19. In a calorimeter the combination. of

.two annular concentric tanks, one for an easily-combustible gas and one for lean gas, said tanks having means for introducing a liquid thereinto and means for draining said liquid therefrom; means for conducting gasesto said tanks while the liquid is draining therefrom, means for indicating the level of the liquid in said tanks and the pressure of the gas in said tanks; passages for discharging the gases from said tanks to a burner; a burner for burning said gases; and means for regulating the degree of cooling to which the products of the combustion of said gases are subjected, said regulating means comprising in combination an absorption chamber having ports around the upper part of its inner wall, tubulatures communicating with said ports and extending through the jacket of said absorption chamber, said tubulatures providing inlets for the said products of combustion, surfaces for cooling the said prodnote of combustion, a jacket enveloping said absorption chamber, said vjacket havmg a passage for cooling liquid; and means for varying the amount of coolingsurface with which the products of combustion are contacted, said means for varying the amount of cooling surface comprising a cylinder fitting closely inside the inner wall of said cooling jacket and having an orifice of such size that for all positions of said cylinder the said orifice uncovers sufiicient of the area of the said ports to provide a free passage for products of combustion from the combustion chamber of the calorimeter to the absorption chamber thereof, a dome attached to said cylinder and a stem projecting from the top thereof to the outside of the calorimeter, said stem bearing a crank whereby the said cylinder may be rotated and the orifice thereof brought into communication with different ports of the absorption chamber, whereby the extent of cooling surface with which the products of combustion are contacted may be varied.

20. In a calorimeter the combination of two annular concentric tanks, one for containing easily-combustible gas and one for containing lean gas, said tanks having means for introducing a liquid thereinto and means for draining said liquid therefrom; means for conducting gases to said tanks while the liquid is draining therefrom; means for indicating the level of the liquid in said tanks and the pressure of the gas in said tanks; passages for conducting the gases from said tanks and mixing said gases; a passage for conducting the mixed gases to a burner; means for absorbing heat from said combustion in a liquid and for regulating the degree of-cooling to which the products of said combustion are subjected, said heat ab-, sorbing and regulating means comprising in combination an absorption chamber having ports around the upper part of its inner wall, tubulatures communicating with said ports and extending through the jacket of said absorption chamber, said tubulatures providing inlets for the said products of combustion, surfaces for cooling the said products of combustion, a jacket enveloping said absorption chamber, said jacket having a passage for the cooling liquid, and means for varying the amount of cooling surface with which the said products of combustion are contacted, said means for varying the amount of cooling surface comprising a cylinder fitting closely inside the inner wall of said cooling jacket and having an orifice of such size that for different podifferent ports of the absorption chamber,

whereby the extent of cooling surface with which the'products of combustion are contacted may be varied.

21.'In a calorimeter, the combination of two reservoirs for gas; passages for conducting gas from said reservoirs to a gas burner, a heat transferring means for transferring the heat of the products of the combustion of said gas to a cooling liquid, said heat transferring means comprising in combination an annular absorption chamber having a plurality of ports in the upper portion of its inner wall, tubulatures communicating with said ports and extending through the jacket of said absorption chamber, said tubulatures providing passages for the flow of the said products of combustion from the combustion chamber of the calorimeter to the said absorption chamber, surand having an orifice of such size that for all positions of said cylinder the said orifice uncovers sufficient of the area of said ports to provide a free passage for products of combustion, a dome closing the top of said cylinder and a stem projecting from the axis of said dome to the outside of the calorimeter, said stem bearing a crank whereby the said cylinder may be rotated and the orifice thereof brought into communication with difi'erent ports of the absorption chamber, whereby the extent of cooling surface with which the products of combustion are contacted may be varied; means for measuring the temperature of said cooling liquid before its entrance into said jacket and means for measuring the temperature of the liquid after its discharge from said jacket; and passages for conducting the liquid from the latter of said temperature measuring means to the said reservoirs for gas whereby the gas in one or both of said reservoirs is displaced to said burner.

Signed at New York city in the county of New York and State of New York this 28th day of October A. D. 1909.

HENRY L. DOHERTY.

Witnesses:

Tnos. I. CARTER, C. B. Gnlnnn'r. 

